Motor Screening Tool, Author, Date, Publisher, website link for ordering

Age Range

Description

Scoring

Accuracy

Time Frame / Cost

Comment

Bayley Infant Neuro Developmental Screen (BINS), 1995
Author: Glen P. Aylward
Publisher: Psychological Corporation
19500 Bulverde Road
San Antonio, TX 78259
Phone: 1-800-211-8378
Available online:
www.harcourtassessment.com.

3-24 months

BINS consist of six areas for different developmental ages, comprised of 11-13 items for each age group. The following areas are tested:
basic neurological reflexes, motor function, motor tone, symmetry, movement, object permanence, auditory, visual, verbal expressive language, and cognitive  function.

Cut of scores for each age range distinguishes between high risk, moderate and low risk infants.

Specificity and sensitivity 75% to 86% across all ages.

10-15 minutes  Complete kit - $325.00
Record Form (25)-$47.00

Strengths: Frequently used by developmental physicians and therapists (OT/PT/DT) as a screening tool.  It assesses the basic motor tone, symmetry and quality of movement.
Limitations: can be used only up to 24 months.

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST-II), 1990
Author: William K Frankenburg
Publisher: Denver Developmental Materials, Inc. P.O. Box 371075
Denver, Co 80237-5075
Phone: 1-800-419-4729 or
(303)-355-4729
Fax: (303)-355-5622
Available online:
www.denverii.com

1 month to 72 months

Test consists of 125 items in fine motor, adaptive and gross motor, language and behavior.  Requires observation as well as parent report.

Scored as pass or fail, on each item according to the age. Examiner continues until the child fails three items consecutively when continued.
Requires observation as well as the parent report.

Motor function sensitivity is limited at 56% and specificity is 80%.
Overall correctly classified is 76%.
    

Takes 20 minutes,
Cost of  Whole kit - $90.00

The tool is widely used, and recognized by AAP as a screening tool. Designed for screening only, not a diagnostic tool. Advantages are used by physicians, nurses, and social workers to suspect the early developmental delays. High rate of false positive results.
Caution should be exercised.  The test is useful for brief overview of the child’s development, reflecting past experience.

Battelle Developmental
Inventory Screening   Test-II (BDST-2), 2006
Battelle Development BDI-2 For Early Childhood
Author: Jean Newborg
Publisher: Riverside Publishing, 3800 Golf Road, Suite 100
Rolling Meadows, IL 60008
Phone: 800-323-9540
Fax: 1-630-467-7192
Available online:
http://www.riverpub.com

Birth to 7-11 yrs

Measures personal, social, adaptive, motor, communication, and cognitive ability in 5 domains.
Test consists of 20 items per domain, uses combination of direct assessment, observation and parental interview. High level of examiners skill and judgment required, criterion based.
Well standardized and validated.

Age equivalent and cut off at 1.0-1.5 and 2 SD below the mean in each five domain. Scoring available on software including PDA application, available in English and Spanish.  PDF version can be downloaded.

Sensitivity - 80% specificity - 83% for motor disability.

10-30 minutes for screening.

Cost of complete kit (BDI-II) - $902.25.
Screener kit - $178.25.
Examiner’s Manual - $70.25.
Screener test booklets (30) - $51.50.

This tool screens motor development and movement.  Used in early intervention programs for screening and determining service eligibility.
Weakness: more false negatives results in high risk premature infants. 

Milani Comparetti
Motor Development Screening Test-third edition(MC), 1992
Milani Comparetti, Motor Development for Infants and Young Children (KT001)
Author: Wayne Stuberg
Publisher: Media Center, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Ctr.
985450 Nebraska Medical Ctr.
Omaha, NE  68198-5450
Phone: 800-656-3937 ext. 9-7467
Fax: 402-559-4757

Birth - 2 yrs

Includes 27 items, divided into two groups for motor function.  Spontaneous, locomotion, sitting, standing, evoked responses, equilibrium reaction, protective reaction and primitive reflexes.

Scoring is based on the tone symmetry at age 6 months.  Cut off scores were used to categorize three groups.  Total cut off score of 81 as normal, 70-80 as transiently abnormal,
<69 as abnormal.

At 15-16 months >126 as normal, 115-125 as transient  abnormal,
<114 as abnormal.

Test retest reliability k greater than  0.79-0.98
Inter rater reliability ranged from 89-95%.
At 9-16 months, range 82-100%.
Correlates with scores of Bayley.  Predicts risk in motor development. 

15-20 minutes

Cost of complete kit - $99.00,
includes manual test kit, score sheets and video.

Manual - $20.00.
Video - $75.00.
Score sheets (20) - $5.00.

The screening tool should be used with caution for diagnosis or evaluating.

This tool assesses motor tone and symmetry of movement.  Disadvantage: infants with suspected abnormality need to be retested.

Amiel-Tison
Newborn and Infant Neurological Assessment  Tool, 2002
Author: Claudine Amiel-Tison MD
Available in Pediatric Neurology: Amiel-Tison C. Update of the Amiel-Tison Neurological assessment for the term neonate or at 40 weeks corrected age. Pediatr Neurol 2002;27:196-212.

0-12 months,
and 0 months-6 yrs

Test consists of 32 items infants up to one year corrected age for children born less than 32 wks GA and 42Wks GA. The items include primitive reflexes and cranial nerves Tone angle mid line axis, adaptation of vision, hearing and feeding. The test consists of 20 items.
Neurological and adaptive capacity scored in full term infants. Observations are done on quarterly throughout infancy              

Scoring is available for newborn as well as term infants.  Normal as=0, incomplete as=1, and abnormal as =2. When the score>15, the infant need to be referred for further testing and monitored. 

In the newborn, sensitivity varies from 60-75%.
Specificity - 73%
Up to 6 years:
Specificity - 80%
Sensitivity - 89%

10-15 minutes for newborn, 20 minute for infants.
Score sheets are available published in 1989 and 2002.

In our experience it is the most reliable tool to identify the motor tone axis, symmetry and disability in the preterm and term infants. The tool used by the developmental follow up programs by the physicians for research purposes. Many new tools like TIMP is based on this test.
Limitations are it  can be used only up to 12 months only.

Movement Assessment of Infants (MAI), 1980
Authors: Chandler LS, Skillen A, and Swanson MW.
Publisher: Movement Assessment of Infants P.O. Box 4361
Rolling Bay, WA, 98061

Newborn to 12 months.  Parent questionnaire and child observation.

A criterion referenced standardized assessment used to assist in early identification of infants with neuromotor dysfunction.

Each item has its own scoring.  Scoring done by applying specific criteria.

At 4 months:
Sensitivity - 83%
Specificity - 78%
At 8 months:
Sensitivity - 96%
Specificity - 65%

45-60 minutes

Cost not available

Advantages: specifically tests motor function, tone, axis, and movement.  It is a comprehensive, qualitative motor testing tool. 
Disadvantages:  requires a long time to test, normative data not available.

Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP), 2004
Author: Suzann K. Campbell PT, PhD
Publisher: Infant Motor Performance Scales, LLC.
1301 W. Madison #526
Chicago, IL  60607-1953
Phone: 312-733-9604
Fax: 312-733-0565
Available online:
http://thetimp.com
 

Preterm infant >34 wks post conceptional age to 4 months adjusted age.

A norm referenced assessment of postural and selective control of functional movement in the neonate.  Consists of 42 items, with picture reference.  Normative table provides cut off scores for referral. Intended to identify infants with motor delay, assist in treatment plan and parent education.

Yields a raw score which is compared to the normative table to get the standard score.
Z-score is used to determine the age equivalent function and need for interventional services.

At 3 months TIMP score and 12 Months AIMS score:
Sensitivity - 92%
Specificity - 76%.
At 3 month TIMP to Preschool (4-5 years) Peabody:
Sensitivity - 72%
Specificity - 91%
Using cut off of 0.5 SD below the mean.

30 minutes

Cost of test kit and manual - $60.00
Score sheets (50) - $10.00

Advantages: purely a motor tool.  It assesses the motor tone, axis, symmetry, and movement.  It can be used by diverse professionals. Comparison between the physician assessment and PT assessment were very close.  Assessment by experienced examiners before 4 months can identify the suspect CP infants.
Disadvantage: training and practice needed.

Bruininks- Oseretsky Test  of Motor Performance (BOTMP), 1978
Author: Robert Bruininks
Publisher: Pearson Assessment, 5601 Green Valley Drive, Bloomington, MN 55437-1187.
Phone: 800-627-7271
Fax: 800-632-9011
Available online:
http://ags.pearsonassessments.com/

* Bruininks – Oseretsky, Second Edition (BOT-2) now available (2006).

4.5-14.5 yrs
(BOT-2: 4-21 yrs)

Areas tested are gross motor and fine motor skills to assess normal motor function as well as motor dysfunction.  Complete tests include 46 items.
Short form has -14 items for screening.  Separate measures of fine and gross motor skills are surveyed
Eight subsets measure balance, strength, coordination, running speed agility, dexterity, fine motor, and visual motor coordination.

BOTMP gives age based standard scores, percentile ranks and stanine.
The cut off score of 80 provides the best diagnostic value.

Sensitivity - 88% and Specificity - 74%

40-60 Minutes for complete testing
Short form takes 15-20 minutes.

Cost of complete kit-$695.00
Examiners manual - $125.00.
Short form (25)-$21.00.

(BOT-2 also takes 45-60 minutes to administer.  Cost of complete kit - $749.00; record forms (25) - $41.75.)

The test assesses motor tone, movement and coordination.
Advantages: short form can be used for screening older age range children.
Disadvantage: not available for use with younger population under 4 yrs.  Takes longer time to administer.

Neurological Assessment of Preterm and Full Term Infants (NAPFI), 2000
Neurological Assessment of the Preterm and Full-term Infant, 2nd ed.
Authors: Lilly Dubowitz and Victor Dubowitz. Publisher:  Cambridge University Press
100 Brook Hill Drive
West Nyack, NY 10994-2133
Phone: 845-353-7500
Fax: 845-353-4141
Available online:
http://www.cambridge.org/us/

Newborn to 3 days or preterm to term age.

33 items.  Areas tested: muscle tone, posture, axis, abnormal movements, habituation, visual and auditory stimuli, and maturity of new born infants.

Scoring on muscle tone is a 5-point response.  Assess muscle tone and maturity.

Sensitivity - 98% Specificity - 85%

15-20 minutes.

Cost of book - $70.00.

Useful in newborns, similar to Ballard score.
Used only for newborn infants.  Useful to determine infant maturity, motor tone, symmetry and reflex.
Predictive score at 9 months is significant in preterm infants, who may walk at 2 yrs.   

Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD), 2nd edition, 2000
Authors: Dale A. Ulrich
Publisher:  PRO-ED, Inc.
8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78757-6897
Phone: 800-897-3202
Fax: 800-397-7633
Available online: http://www.proedine.com

3-10 years

Test consists of 12 items. Assesses two specific types of motor skills:
7 motor patterns in locomotion and 5 object control or manipulative functions in children with significant motor disability.  In preschoolers, later sport specific movement, locomotor and object control are assessed.  Raw scores specify the number of motor skills.

Gross motor developmental quotient (GMDQ) score is more reliable in handicapped or non handicapped children. The test determines the child performance skills (1=able to perform and 0=unable to perform).  Age specific normal percentile ranks are given.

Test is based on the ability to determine increment in gain.
Sensitivity - 84%
Specificity - 86%.

15-30 minutes.

Cost of complete kit - $105.00
Record booklets (50) - $55.00

Advantages: the test can be used in school age children for gross motor skills when Bruininks is not appropriate.
Disadvantage: not available for use with younger population under 4 years.

Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS) 2nd edition (Gross Motor), 2000.
Authors: M Rhonda Folio and Rebecca R Fewell
Publisher:
Harcourt Assessment, Inc.
19500 Bulverde Road
San Antonio, TX 78259
Attn: Customer Service
Phone: 1-800-211-8378
Fax: 1-800-232-1223
Available online:
http://harcourtassessment.com
 

Birth -6 years

Measures gross motor and fine motor skills of children.  A norm referenced test consists of 151 items divided into subtests of reflexes and stationary.
Locomotors and object manipulation intended to be used by PT / physicians.

Standard score with percentile rank of age equivalent score.

At 4 months using cut off:
Sensitivity - 25.6% Specificity - 72.7%-95.3%.
At 8 months: Sensitivity - 86.1% Specificity - 46.1%-60.2%.

20-30 minutes for each motor related subtest or 45-60 minutes for entire test, depending on age best.

Cost of complete kit - $457.00
Record booklets (25) - $75.00

Peabody is a standard tool to test motor disability.  It has proven its value based on the task performance. Peabody is the best tool to use for severe motor deficits.  Subtest scales are useful for children who have loss of hearing and visual motor handicap.  Subtests are useful to test for motor assessment in severe motor deficits.

Alberta Infant Motor  Scale (AIMS), 1994
Authors: Martha Piper and Johanna Darrah
Publisher: Saunders, Elsevier, Health Sciences Division
Order Fulfillment
11830 Westline Industrial Drive
St. Louis, MO 63146
Phone: 800-545-2522
Fax: 800-535-9935
Available online:
http://www.elsevier.com or
http://www.amazon.com

0-18 months

Test consists of 58 items of motor functions in four main positions: supine, prone, sitting and standing postures.  Useful in high risk infants for screening gross motor function.

Scoring is available and converted to percentile rank compared to empirical normative data.  10th percentile cut off score is used.

At 4 months:
Sensitivity - 77.4%
Specificity -  81.7%
At 8 months: Sensitivity - 86.4%
Specificity - 93%

20 minutes

Available from Elsevier or Amazon.com.  Score sheet (50) - $34.95

Test is used in our center by the PT for motor assessment.  Easy to administer.  TIMP and INFANIB are based on the AIMS and are comparable.

Ages & Stages parent questionnaire (ASQ), 1999
Authors: Diane Bricker and Jane Squires 
Publisher: Brookes Publishing Company
P.O. Box 10624 Baltimore, MD 21285
Phone: 800-638-3775
Fax: 410-337-8539
Available online:
www.agesandstages.com or
www.brookspublishing.com/asq

4 months – 5 yrs

Test consists of 10-questions in the following areas: gross motor, fine motor, language, communication, problem solving, social, and personal domains.

Cut off scores are indicated to the age level.

Sensitivity by squire et al at all ages is 75%, and specificity at all ages is 85%.

10-15 minutes for parent to complete the questionnaire.
3-5 minutes to score.

Cost of user guide and questionnaire set - $199.00.
Questionnaires (only) - $175.00.
User guide (only) - $49.00.

Tool is recommended by the ICAAP for all practicing pediatricians and nurse practitioners.
Easy to administer.

Parents Evaluation of Developmental status (PEDS), 2006
Author: Frances P Glascoe
Publisher: Ellsworth and Vandemeer Press, LLC. 
P.O Box 68164,
Nashville, TN 37206
Phone: 615-776-4121
Fax: 615-776-4119
Available online:
www.pedstest.com

Birth – 9 yrs

Elicit parents concerns

Three overall results: high risk, moderate and low risk to a range of disabilities.

Sensitivity is 69% in a group of low birth weight and very low birth weight.
Preschoolers, most of whom had motor deficits, specificity to typical development is 72%.

~ 5 minutes

Cost of complete kit - $30.00
Score forms (50) - $15.00
PEDS manual - $69.95

Additional research would be helpful in determining  whether there are unique pattern of concerns in parents of children with CP.

Infant Development Inventory (IDI), 1994
Author: Harold Ireton
Publisher:  Child Development Review,
Behavior Science Systems P.O. Box 19512 Minneapolis, MN 55419
Phone: 612-850-8700
Fax: 360-351-1374
Available online: www.childdevrev.com

Birth – 18 months

Test is a parent report.  6th grade reading level required.

Pass or fail score.

Sensitivity - 85% Specificity - 77%

10 minutes to administer and 5 minutes to score.

Cost (pad of 25) -  $14.00

Used by the Minnesota Department of Education and Human services.
.

Brigance Screen, 2005
for Infant & Toddler screen, Early Preschool screen-II, Preschool screen-II, and K & 1 screen
Author: Albert Brigance
Publisher: Curriculum Associates, Inc.
Corporate Headquarters
P.O. Box 2001
North Billerica, MA 01862
Phone: 800-225-0248
Fax: 800-366-1158
Available online:
www.curriculumassociates.com

Birth -6 yrs. Grades Pre-K to 1st grade.

Test consists of 9 separate forms at intervals of 12 months.  Used in educational settings to assess motor skills, speech, school readiness, reading, math, and general knowledge.

Cut off scores and percentile score varies with age in different domains.

Sensitivity - 76%
Specificity - 86%
Brigance published in 2006 has sensitivity reported at 69% and specificity at 79%.

10-15 minutes

Start-up cost - $150 for class of 30.
Cost of manual - $110.00
Technical report manual - $58.00
Data sheets - $38.00/pack of 30

It is general screening tool and comprehensive inventory.
Uses direct observation and elicitation. Administered by parent report.

Child Development Review Parent Questionnaire
(CDR-PQ), 1990
Author: Harold Ireton
Publisher:  Child Development Review,
Behavior Science Systems P.O. Box 19512 Minneapolis, MN 55419
Phone: 612-850-8700
Fax: 360-351-1374
Available online:
www.childdevrev.com

18 months –Kindergarten

Test consists of 26 items that measure 8 areas of self help, social, gross motor, fine motor, and expressive language skills using a chart of milestones.
Available in English and Spanish.  6th grade reading skill required.

Scored using chart of motor milestones.

Sensitivity - 68% Specificity - 88%.

Sensitivity in high risk population is 80% and specificity is 96%.

5 minutes to administer and 5 minutes to score.

Cost (pad of 25) -  $14.00
Manual (revised 2004)- $33.00

Not much experience with this test.  Used by Minnesota Department of Health.

Early Screening Profiles,1990
Authors: Patti Harrison, Alan Kaufman, Nadeen Kaufman, et al.
Publisher: Pearson Assessments, 5601 Green Valley Drive, Bloomington, MN 55437-1187
Phone: 800-627-7271
Fax: 800-632-9011
Available online:
www.pearsonassessments.com
 

2 yrs through 6 yrs

Mostly observational.  Screens 5 areas using 3 profiles.
Motor Profile: the child walks, jumps, strings beads, draws lines and shapes, and completes a pencil maze. 

Manual is required for scoring of motor profile.

Sensitivity - 53-92%
Specificity - 65-88%

Profiles takes less than 30 minutes.

Cost of complete kit - $336.00
Record forms (25) - $37.00
Manual - $74.00

Not much experience with this test.  Used by the Minnesota Department of Health.